Sunday, December 29, 2019

The Application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Within a...

The current prison and criminal justice system has not proven to be helpful in rehabilitating offenders and preventing recidivism. To successfully alter this situation it is important to understand what steps and measures are available to assist those who find themselves imprisoned. The techniques used in cognitive behavioral therapy have proven to be effective in treating depression, anxiety and drug addictions among other things. Analyzing the techniques developed in cognitive behavioral theory and applying them to psychotherapy in prison environments can assist in making improvements in the prevention of criminal activity, rates of incarceration and safety and security of the general population. The literature shows that the use of†¦show more content†¦With a basic understanding of the key concepts of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, an association to its use within a prison setting is logical given the nature of the irrationality of committing crimes. Gender differences in CBT It is important to analyze the differences between men and women in terms of treatment approaches and types of offenses. As seen in most psychotherapy theories, men primarily develop the techniques with little insight from a female perspective, this factor carries over to the use of cognitive behavioral therapy and is seen in the prison setting. The orientation of therapeutic programs within a prison are directed more toward men with little adaptations to differences and needs seen in women offenders (Sacks, McKendrick Hamilton, 2012). This presents as an issue primarily because men and women are often associated with different crimes and different mental disorders. It would makes sense then to tailor therapeutic techniques to the clients gender and offenses. Interestingly, in a study completed by Spiropoulos, Spruance, Voorhis Schmitt (2005), â€Å"gender responsive† applications of cognitive behavioral therapy were applied to men and women in community and prison settings. In developing the CBT for women, the researchers considered factors suchShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Clinical Psychology Within The Correctional Setting1285 Words   |  6 PagesApplication to Positive Psychology Importance of Clinical Psychology in the Correctional Setting The main goal of psychologists in prisons is to reduce recidivism of offenders, which not only prevents the inmate from repeated incarceration, but it also protects society from further harm by the individual. 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Within the past ten years, there have been more than 20,000 American children being killed, in their own home, by their family members (Petit). Think about it. That is about four times more than the number of soldiers who have died fighting for our countryRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Terms9960 Words   |  40 Pagesdiagnosis would most likely be big five personality 2. autism 11. borderline personality disorder 3. right to worry, more research needed to quantify risk 12. childinitiated interactions training for autism 4. psychodynamicFreudian 13. cognitive 5. dimensional approach 14. having them live in juvenile training center mediocre advice, may increase suicidal tendancies enuresis 6. feat of being sued girls diagnosed with conduct disorders dependent personality disorder 15. 7. 8. 16Read MoreApplication Of Theory Of A Mental Health Issue2880 Words   |  12 PagesRunninghead: APPLICATION OF THEORY TO A MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE Assignment #3: Application of Theory to a Mental Health Issue Gemma K. 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Saturday, December 21, 2019

Evaluate David Harvey’s Suggestion That We Should Adopt...

Politics Year: 2 Student name: Danai Makoni Course: Politics 2 Student number: g11m4632 Lecturer: R. Pithouse Course: The Right To The City Plagiarism declaration: I have consulted the department policy on plagiarism and attach a signed plagiarism form. This work is my own. Question 1: Critically evaluate David Harvey’s suggestion that we should adopt the right to the city as both a working slogan and political idea. The essay seeks to establish and explain David Harvey’s concept of using the right to the city as a working slogan and political idea. Harvey is known for (2008; 23) introducing the concept of the right to the city as a working slogan (Harvey, 2008:23). Harvey explains how social inequality and†¦show more content†¦Harvey (2008:32) says a unified struggle will allow a shift in policy makers. New policy will create a new group of who controls the spread of urbanization and how surplus will be used in the future in a way that will not disadvantage the majority (Harvey, 2008:32). The democratization of that right to the city as a political ideal is crucial as it will allow for the all people to have a say in how urbanization and how surplus investment is carried out(Harvey, 2008:32). The use of the right to the city as a working slogan creates awareness within the people to the effect that urbanization has had on the lower classes and how little it has negatively affected the wealthy (Harvey, 2008:35). This part of Harvey’s ideas is also supported by Marxist theorists who would state that a social movement will be resultant of the loss of false consciousness as the people become aware and begin to call into question â€Å"the subject/object relationship (Zibechi,2010:171)†.The ideals behind the working slogan will allow for a unified revolt which is necessary if the dispossessed are to gain their rights back (Harvey, 2008:35). Another valid point raised by Harvey (2008:37) is one that explains how power and wealth are succinctly linked and therefore result in those who have wealth having power to influence the government in ways that will benefit them financially. The use of the right to the city as a political ideaShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesa text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this

Friday, December 13, 2019

Hu Jintao Free Essays

Hu Jintao Since the beginning of civilization dictators have taken over and ruled there people. While some dictators are cruel and ruthless, others desire happiness of their people. Some acquire their power by force, while others go through the process fairly. We will write a custom essay sample on Hu Jintao or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once in power it is important to keep ones people in control through laws and policies. In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, one can compare the rise to fame, rules and policies, and cruelties and atrocities of Napoleon to that of the dictator Hu Jintao. One thing that sets Jintao apart from Napoleon is that somewhat low key way he ose to power. Hu Jintao began his political career at the bottom of the ladder and eventually climbed his way to the top (galegroup. com 2003). In 1982 Jintao was named party secretary of Guizhou Province by Hu Yaobank, a communist party officer. Once receiving this position he worked his way up to the title of president of china in 2003. Opposite of Jintao, Napoleon rose to power by force and cruel act (Orwell). Napoleon immediately named himself the leader of Animal Farm after old major died. When feeling threatened by his co-leader Snowball, he has him chased ff the farm by his guard dogs. Similar to the contrast of the rises to power, their actions as dictators also contrast greatly. While Napoleon is a leader of force and absolute control, Jintao is more about prosperity of China. Jintao had â€Å"shown that he can work effectively with others both those above and below his rank and with those of different governments† (galegroup. com 2004). Hu Jintao has tried successfully to rule china and its people to a state of prosperity. He has transformed the policies of China to upport this goal, while closely sheltering his people from the outside world. As Hu Jintao continued to lead China to prosperity napoleon inadvertently led the animals to destruction (Orwell). As leader, Napoleon made the animals inferior by creating laws that gave the pigs more rights. He changed many of the commandments to support his desire of absolute power. As dictators create these many policies, the republic naturally begins to resent them and in some cases they rebel. As the nation’s people began to question the actions of the government, many ictators resort violence as a way to control masses. Although not as major cruelties as Napoleon, Jintao has also committed some crimes as president. (history. com). while attempting to shelter the nation, Jintao has quietly been accused of crimes against the people of China. As a member of the communist party, Jintao was accused of human rights atrocities. While Jintao crimes are hidden and minor, Napoleon crimes are major and unimaginable (Orwell). Napoleon forced many of the animals to confess their unlawfulness and then shot and killed each one. He also sent boxer to be slaughtered at a glue factory once he was injured. As a dictator, Jintao and Napoleon committed unforgettable crimes. In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, one can compare the rise to fame, rules and policies, and cruelties and atrocities of Napoleon to that of the dictator Hu Jintao. He had a normal rising to power while Napoleon forced himself to be a ruler. Hu tried to destruction. Hu did not do any major atrocities, only being accused of minor crimes while Napoleon killed many. How to cite Hu Jintao, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

One Child Policy In China Essay Example For Students

One Child Policy In China Essay Shiven PatelThe geography of China and Japan is quite different. They are both located in Eastern Asia, but China is apart of the mainland, while Japan is a group of islands off in the North Pacific. China, the worlds fourth largest country, is considerably larger than Japan. China has a total area of 9,596,960 square kilometers while Japan is only 377,8356 square kilometers. Of course Japan has double the coastline of China for it is an island chain. China has an eastern coastline along the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea. Chinas main geographic aspects are the Yangtze River and the Himalayan Mountains. Deserts and high plateaus characterize the west, with plains, deltas, and hills in the east. There is a varied climate from tropical to subarctic, the main weather hazard is the monsoon. Japans islands are peaks of underwater volcanoes such as Mount Fuji. There are no major rivers, just rocky land and an irregular coastline. There are valleys and plateaus a long the coast. It is cold and dry in the north, warm and wetter in the south. Earthquakes and typhoons plague Japan. The governments of China and Japan are completely different. The worlds largest Communist party leads China. The president is a ceremonial figure. Executive powers are given to the State Council headed by the premier. The legislature, the elected national Peoples Congress, has little power. Japan is a constitutional monarchy, but similar to England, the emperor is a symbol and ceremonial figure without much power. The powers rest with the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister. The legislature called the Diet consists of the 500 member House of Representatives and 252 member House of Councilors. The foreign relations of China are quite a bit more tense then those of Japan. This is due to the fact that China is Communist. Although relations have improved, China is still looked down upon. Since the fall of Communism in Europe, China has been forced to make ties with Japa n and Western Europe. Foreign trade is still a major part of their economy. The Chinese are still working on improving relations with the United States. Japan is very friendly with other countries and is a huge trading partner of many countries. The Japanese work to better the world through global issues such as arms control and nuclear war, economic and social conditions, population growth, and resolving conflicts. Japan fulfills its international responsibilities of working for peace and prosperity. The Chinese and Japanese have many of the same belief systems. Buddhism is the primary religion in both countries. The Japanese have cultivated a sect of Buddhism called Zen Buddhism the focuses on meditation. Taoism is a Chinese religious theme. This is a religion based on the religious and philosophical thoughts of Lao Zi, from the 6th century BC. The philosophy conveys a being beyond human sense, a universal oneness that is everything. The key is to live naturally. Confucianism is another Chinese philosophical system based on the beliefs and writings of Confucius from the 6th century BC. These teachings dealt with the principles of good conduct, practical wisdom, and proper social relationships. Confucianism has influenced the Chinese attitude toward life and set the patterns of living and standards of social value. Christianity has been brought to both countries as well. There are many similarities and differences in the daily lives of the Chinese and Japanese. There are many urban areas with Western architecture in Japan. There are many hi-tech industries and jobs. The Chinese also live in large cities, but they are not as technologically advanced. Most Chinese people are farmers. They live in 2-3 room clay brick houses with roofs of tile or straw. The staple food in Japan is rice and meat, eaten with chopsticks. Sushi is a favorite dish, as are any foreign dishes from other countries. The diversified diet includes bread, noodles, fishes, meats, fruits, and vegetables. Many youngsters enjoy hamburgers and fried chicken from fast food restaurants. The Chinese eat primarily vegetables and grain, including wheat noodles and the staple rice. Bits of meat and seafood are also served with spoons and chopsticks. Tea is the popular drink in both countries. In Japan, the traditional dress is the kimono, but is only worn on special occasions. For the most par t, jeans, polos, tees, and sweats are commonly worn. The Chinese make their clothes from cotton. They dress for comfort with loose shirts and trousers. The Chinese culture has a great history of the arts. Chinese theater is famous for its performances of folklore and history. Spoken dialogue, songs of dance, symbolic gestures, and colorful, elaborate costumes create a great performance. Painting, sculpture, pottery, and architecture have been studied and the Chinese has made many great pieces. Music is another part of the Chinese culture; they have their own music as well as playing European music. The Japanese has cultivated forms of fighting without weapons. Apart from the famed sumo wrestling, the Japanese practice forms of martial arts such as judo and karate. Kendo is another popular sport similar to fencing. The Japanese are also famous for their technological advances and intelligence. Their vigorous work habits have paid off in a reputation of making quality products.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Further Work and Conclusion Essay Example

Further Work and Conclusion Paper Additional directions for this work include refining and extending our cardiac study with a view to clinical implementation. Furthermore, we suggest that rhythmic signals arising from other biological systems may have application for the techniques described in this paper. An investigation of the optimal windowing parameter set would be instructive since our findings suggest the existence of physiological thresholds in the spectral entropy level and variance that are applicable to a variety of patients. As noted at the end of Section 5.4.3, one challenge would be to investigate and improve the utility of the measure (alone or combining methods) when applied to patients that demonstrate a mix of different pathologies and arrhythmias. Adjusting the spectral entropy window to covary with instantaneous heart rate so that ÃŽ ± always contains ten beats exactly would further reduce issues related to variations in the heart rate. Extending the algorithm to include other dimensions in the disorder map (e.g., heart rate) will likely improve the accuracy of results and may increase the number of arrhythmias the spectral entropy can distinguish between. We will write a custom essay sample on Further Work and Conclusion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Further Work and Conclusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Further Work and Conclusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An accurate automatic detector of atrial fibrillation would be clinically useful in monitoring for relapse of fibrillation in patients and in assessing the efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs (Israel 2004). An implementation integrated with an ambulatory ECG or heart rate monitor would be useful in improving the understanding of arrhythmias on time scales longer than that available using conventional ECG analysis techniques alone. Measures of disorder in the frequency domain have practical significance in a range of biological signals. For example, the regularity of the background electroencephalography (EEG is the measurement of electrical activity produced by the brain as recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp) alters with developmental and psychophysiological factors: some mental or motor tasks cause localized desynchronization; in addition, the background becomes more irregular in some neurological and psychiatric disorders (see Inouye et al. 1991; Rosso 2007 and references therein). The spectral entropy method and the concept of the disorder map described in this paper are not cardiac specific: it would be instructive to adapt these ideas to other rhythmic signals where a rapid detection of arrhythmia would be informative. 5.6 Conclusion In this paper we have presented an automatic arrhythmia detection algorithm that is able to rapidly detect the presence of atrial fibrillation using only the time series of patients’ beats. The algorithm employs a general technique for quickly quantifying disorder in high-frequency event series: the spectral entropy is a measure of disorder applied to the power spectrum of periods of time series data. The physiologically motivated use of the spectral entropy is shown to distinguish atrial fibrillation and flutter from other rhythms. For a given set of parameters, we are able to determine from a disorder map two threshold conditions (based on the level and variance of spectral entropy values) that enable the detection of fibrillation in a variety of patients. We apply the algorithm to the MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation database of 25 patients. When the algorithm is set to identify abnormal rhythms within 6 s it agrees with 85.7% of the annotations of professional rhythm assessors; for a response time of 30 s this becomes 89.5%, and with 60 s it is 90.3%. The algorithm provides a rapid way to detect fibrillation, demonstrating usable response times as low as 6 s and may complement other detection techniques. There also exists the potential for our spectral entropy and disorder map implementations to be adapted for the rapid identification of disorder in other rhythmic signals. 5.7 Appendix This appendix contains images of the electrocardiograms referred to in Sections 5.4.1 and 5.4.2. They represent examples where we believe the annotations provided as part of the MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation database to be incorrect, and where rhythms other than atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter are present in patient electrocardiograms. The following figures were obtained using the Chart-O-Matic facility on the physionet website (Goldberger et al. 2000) for patients comprising the MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation database (afdb). We give selected example electrocardiograms (ECGs) to illustrate the point under consideration and stress that there are additional times that could have been used for demonstrative purposes. The rhythm assessments to which we are comparing are provided as annotations included as part of the afdb. For other examples of ECGs corresponding to the rhythms given here, see Bennett 2002. 5.7.1 Disagreements with annotations Rhythm assessments have been questioned before (Tateno Glass 2000, 2001); here we give explicit examples from the afdb where we believe the ECG suggests a rhythm different from that given by the annotation. The figures and ideas in this section pertain to Section 5.4.1 of the main text. Instances where atrial fibrillation has been missed in annotations We observe in Patients 08219 (Figure 5.4) and 08434 (Figure 5.5) periods of atrial fibrillation that we believe to have been missed in the annotations but are correctly identified by our detection algorithm. Cases such as these serve to negatively impact the results of the algorithm unfairly; however, we note that such instances comprise a small proportion of the afdb. Instances where atrial flutter has been missed in annotations Atrial flutter may have been misannotated in Patients 04936 (Figure 5.6) and 08219 (Figure 5.7). This unreliability of rhythm assessment, compounded with the limited number of periods of atrial flutter in the database, prevents us from drawing meaningful quantitative conclusions regarding the success of the detection algorithm in identifying flutter. Despite this, we believe that the spectral entropy is in principle still capable of identifying flutter. 5.7.2 Other rhythms The unreliability of parts of the annotations still does not account for all false predictions produced by the detection algorithm. We suggest the presence of other rhythms within the afdb to be an additional factor that needs to be considered. The figures and ideas in this section pertain to Section 5.4.2 of the main text. Instances of fib-flutter Fib-flutter denotes periods where the rhythm transitions in quick succession between atrial fibrillation and flutter (Horvath et al. 2000). Such behavior naturally causes the variance to increase (thereby exceeding the standard deviation threshold in the algorithm for classification as atrial fibrillation) and one might question whether it is still appropriate to classify those periods as standard atrial fibrillation. We identify in the ECG of Patient 04936 periods of fib-flutter which likely accounts for the high proportion of false negative results (Figures 5.8 and 5.9). Instances of sinus arrest Sinus arrest occurs when the sinoatrial node fails to fire, resulting in increased irregularity of the heart rhythm, whilst still retaining QRS complexes indicative of normal sinus rhythm; this condition (along with sinus arrhythmia) is likely responsible for the high proportion of false positives seen in Patient 05091 (Figure 5.10). Conclusion The natural world makes no distinction between scientific disciplines. Increasingly, answers to scientific questions lie at the intersection of traditional disciplines. This thesis has applied techniques developed in physics and mathematics to problems in ecology and medicine. I have shown how simple methods of time series analysis can enable rapid detection of cardiac arrhythmia; how ecosystems may respond and adapt to the loss of species; how species can modify their feeding interactions in manmodified environments; and how spatial landscape can affect the spread of fluctuations of venture capital firm populations. Moving forward, my current research is motivated by one fundamental question: What does a food web represent? Practically, we must ask: (i) What ecological mechanisms underlie foodweb structure? and (ii) How does food-web structure change through time? What ecological mechanisms underlie food-web structure? How does individual-level species behaviour lead to observed food-web structure (Stouffer 2010)? How does behaviour underlie differences (or similarities) among distinct food-web types (Th ´ebault Fontaine 2010)? Can we combine these distinct food-web types to understand complete patterns of interactions within ecological communities (Lafferty et al. 2008)? How do environmental factors affect species interactions (Lalibert ´e Tylianakis 2010)? Exciting work has begun to address these questions. Answers to these questions will lead to new questions. Progress relies on the exchange of ideas, many of which will originate in fields other than ecology. How does food-web structure change through time? What assembly mechanisms lead to observed food-web structure (Piechnik et al. 2008)? Are current, static, models consistent with empirical data on food-web assembly (Albrecht et al. 2010)? What role do invasive species play in food-web dynamics (Lopezaraiza-Mikel et al. 2007)? Experiment and theory are advancing. Ecological data are improving and more sophisticated methods of analysis are developing. We are increasingly achieving that fundamental goal of ecology—a central tenet shared by the physical sciences—prediction. Previous Page   Algorithm and Discussion

Sunday, November 24, 2019

The Goddess Demeter †Greek History Essay

The Goddess Demeter – Greek History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Goddess Demeter Greek History Essay Have you ever thought about how it would be if we lived in a world where there was a god for everything? Very long ago, Greeks strongly believed in different kind of gods and goddesses. One of these goddesses was Demeter who provided fertility. â€Å"Demeter provides all nutrition on the earth, allowing her to be considered a vital source of survival† (A.L. Davidson, The Greek Goddess Demeter). Some of her main symbols include poppy seeds, and corn, which of course have to do with agriculture; and some colors, which represent her, are pink, brown, green, and yellow. She also taught mankind the art of sowing and sloughing. â€Å"She can also cross dimensional barriers between worlds and alter her form to appear as an elderly woman† (marvunapp.com/Appendix/demeterc.htm). She did not have many enemies, but only disliked the ones who did not help her when she was in search of her daughter Persephone, and also those who ate sacred plants. Demeter was an influential goddess with many characteristics, and a unique history. Demeter had many personality traits and only few flaws. She was the most generous of all goddesses and was very understanding and respectful. That is why she gained the sympathy and favor of the other Olympian gods. Not only she had the their sympathy but beyond that she also had the ability to truly sympathize with humans. In addition Demeter was very modest and shy. One of her flaws is her ability to invoke curses. For instance, â€Å"she cursed King Erysichton with insatiable hunger and endow mystical ability in sorcerers and mystics that know how to call upon her such as Clea† (marvunapp.com/Appendix/demeterc.htm). Although Demeter is a goddess, she has a family background. Demeter is the daughter of Cronus and Rhea; also sister of Zeus, Poseidon, Pluto, Hera and Hestia. â€Å"She never married† (theoi.com/Summary/Demeter.html), but was lovers with her brother Zeus. She had many children but her daughter Persephone was the most known one because of the famous myth. Haides fell in love with Persephone and Zeus helped him to kidnap her from her mother and take her to the Underworld. When Demeter found out that Haides had kidnapped her beloved daughter she became very angry. She searched everywhere for her and even brought â€Å"deadly starvation down upon mankind until Zeus agreed to let her return† (theoi.com/Summary/Demeter.html). Unfortunately when Hermes was sent to the Underworld in search of Persephone, he gave her a pomegranate and Persephone ate it. As a consequence of this, Persephone was forced to stay with Hades for a third of the year. â€Å"Only when Persephone is with her, Demeter lets things grow† (Micha F. Lindemans, Demeter.) Since agriculture played an important role in Greek history, Demeter was worshipped in many different ways. Particularly, she was worshipped in agricultural societies. Furthermore, the first loaf of bread from the harvest was sacrificed in her honor. Also, Demeter was often portrayed as a solemn woman, often wearing a wreath of braided ears of corn. Some regions were she was worshipped at were Attika, Messenia, and Ena. Demeter’s primary festival was the Athenian Thesmophoria. It celebrates the half of the year when Demeter didnt work as the goddess of the harvest; she spent this half of the year with her daughter. If we had lived in the ancient Greek times, then Demeter would have been very significant in our lives. Demeter taught humans how to grow, preserve, and prepare grain. Again, earth could not produce without her allowing it. The Greeks experienced that themselves when Persephone was taken away from her mother. Her history is very unique, not only her search for Persephone and the consequences that followed, but also many other myths.Above that. she is the mother of earth itself and is â€Å"invoked as the bringer of the seasons† (Micha F. Lindemans, Demeter.) Research Papers on The Goddess Demeter - Greek History EssayCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Fifth Replies of Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Fifth Replies of Descartes - Essay Example The Fifth Replies of Descartes The argument in question is the argument of Discourse. The problem with this counter argument is the inherent bias. There is a premise and theres a conclusion if one accepts the premise the conclusion must be accepted. Renà ©e Descartes says that he knows he exists it is inherent that he knows what he is and what his nature is, it is the very definition of establishing his existence. This knowledge (of existing) cannot be separated from the knowledge of what that existence is about. This point can be elaborated through an example for instance one sees a bottle of water. His eyes tell him that it is there. Since this person has the premise that what his eyes see is in fact real (or existing) it means that he knows that the bottle exists. When he say that it exists it means it has certain properties that indicate that it exists. No one can say that something exists without acknowledging the properties. Existence without the knowledge of its properties is even more illogical than deriving a conclusion that existence of self also encompasses the nature of self. When Renà © Descartes say that he thinks therefore he exists, it means that he is aware of what he is and what his nature is. Otherwise there is no existence. Every existence has its properties; be it divine authority like God or as trivial as a plastic water bottle. The objection of Descartes’s claim rests with the understanding of premise. If the critics accept the premise when Renà ©e says that something exists, he also bases this by understanding some properties.